Oxidized phospholipid POVPC contributes to vascular calcification by triggering ferroptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells.

Vascular calcification is an actively regulated biological process resembling bone formation, and osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a crucial role in this process. 1-Palmitoyl-2-(5'-oxo-valeroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC), an oxidized phospholipid, is found in atherosclerotic plaques and has been shown to induce oxidative stress. However, the effects of POVPC on osteogenic differentiation and calcification of VSMCs have yet to be studied. In the present study, we investigated the role of POVPC in vascular calcification using in vitro and ex vivo models. POVPC increased mineralization of VSMCs and arterial rings, as shown by alizarin red staining. In addition, POVPC treatment increased expression of osteogenic markers Runx2 and BMP2, indicating that POVPC promotes osteogenic transition of VSMCs. Moreover, POVPC increased oxidative stress and impaired mitochondria function of VSMCs, as shown by increased ROS levels, impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased ATP levels. Notably, ferroptosis triggered by POVPC was confirmed by increased levels of intracellular ROS, lipid ROS, and MDA, which were decreased by ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor. Furthermore, ferrostatin-1 attenuated POVPC-induced calcification of VSMCs. Taken together, our study for the first time demonstrates that POVPC promotes vascular calcification via activation of VSMC ferroptosis. Reducing the levels of POVPC or inhibiting ferroptosis might provide a novel strategy to treat vascular calcification.

Fucoxanthin alleviated myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury through inhibition of ferroptosis via the NRF2 signaling pathway.

Background: Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a severe complication of revascularization therapy in patients with myocardial infarction. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement to find more therapeutic solutions for MIRI. Recently, ferroptosis, which is characterized by lipid peroxidation, was considered a critical contributor to MIRI. Fucoxanthin (FX), a natural antioxidant carotenoid, which is abundant in brown seaweed, exerts protective effects under various pathological conditions. However, whether FX alleviates MIRI is unclear. This study aims to clarify the effects of FX on MIRI. Methods: Mice with left anterior descending artery ligation and reperfusion were used as in vivo models. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs) induced with hypoxia and reperfusion were used as in vitro models. TTC-Evans blue staining was performed to validate the infarction size. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to detect mitochondrial injury in cardiomyocytes. In addition, 4 weeks after MIRI, echocardiography was performed to measure cardiac function; fluorescent probes and western blots were used to detect ferroptosis. Results: TTC-Evans blue staining showed that FX reduced the infarction size induced by MIRI. Transmission electron microscopy showed that FX ameliorated the MIRI-induced myofibril loss and mitochondrion shrinkage. Furthermore, FX improved LVEF and LVFS and inhibited myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis after 4 weeks in mice with MIRI. In the in vitro study, calcein AM/PI staining and TUNEL staining showed that FX reduced cell death caused by hypoxia and reperfusion treatment. DCFH-DA and MitoSOX probes indicated that FX inhibited cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, C11-BODIPY 581/591 staining, ferro-orange staining, MDA assay, Fe2+ assay, 4-hydroxynonenal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blot were performed and the results revealed that FX ameliorated ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo, as indicated by inhibiting lipid ROS and Fe2+ release, as well as by modulating ferroptosis hallmark FTH, TFRC, and GPX4 expression. Additionally, the protective effects of FX were eliminated by the NRF2 inhibitor brusatol, as observed from western blotting, C11-BODIPY 581/591 staining, and calcein AM/PI staining, indicating that FX exerted cardio-protective effects on MIRI through the NRF2 pathway. Conclusion: Our study showed that FX alleviated MIRI through the inhibition of ferroptosis via the NRF2 signaling pathway.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG aggravates vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: A potential role for extracellular vesicles.

AIMS: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is a probiotic with great promise in future clinical application, which can significantly promote bone formation. However, the effect of LGG on CKD-related vascular calcification is unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of LGG on CKD-related vascular calcification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After 2 weeks of 5/6 nephrectomy, CKD rats received a special diet (4 % calcium and 1.8 % phosphate) combined with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to induce vascular calcification. Meanwhile, CKD rats in the LGG group were gavaged orally with LGG (1 × 109 CFU bacteria/day). 16S RNA amplicon sequencing was performed to analyze the effect of LGG treatment on gut microbiota composition. Furthermore, differential ultracentrifugation was utilized to extract EVs. The effects of EVs on vascular calcification were evaluated in rat VSMCs, rat aortic rings, and CKD rat calcification models. In this study, vascular calcification was assessed by microcomputed tomography analysis, alizarin red staining, calcium content determination, and the expression of osteogenic transcription factors RUNX2 and BMP2. KEY FINDINGS: LGG remarkably aggravated vascular calcification. LGG supplementation significantly altered gut microbiota composition in CKD rats, particularly increasing Lactobacillus. Interestingly, EVs presented a significant promoting effect on the development of calcification. Finally, mechanistic analysis proved that EVs aggravated vascular calcification through PI3K/AKT signaling. SIGNIFICANCE: These results do not support the supplementation of LGG in CKD-associated vascular calcification patients. Our study presented a fresh perspective on LGG with potential risks and adverse effects. CKD patients should use specific probiotic strains cautiously.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin alleviates vascular calcification through suppression of nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 inflammasome.

AIMS: Vascular calcification (VC) is prevalent in pathological processes such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and atherosclerosis, but effective therapies are still lacking by far. Canagliflozin (CANA), a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, has been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and exhibits beneficial effects against cardiovascular disease. However, the effect of CANA on VC remains unknown. In this study, we hypothesize that CANA protects against VC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Micro-computed tomography analysis and alizarin red staining revealed that CANA treatment prevented aortic calcification in CKD rats and in VitD3-overloaded mice. Moreover, CANA alleviated the calcification of rat and human arterial rings. Alizarin red staining revealed that calcification of rat and human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was attenuated by CANA treatment and this phenomenon was confirmed by calcium content assay. In addition, CANA downregulated the expression of osteogenic differentiation markers Runx2 and BMP2. Of interest, qPCR and western blot analysis revealed that CANA downregulated the expression of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3), and the downstream signalling molecules Caspase-1 and IL-1ß in VSMCs as well. Both NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 and knockdown of NLRP3 by siRNA independently resulted in decreased calcification of VSMCs. By contrast, activation of NLRP3 exacerbated VSMC calcification, and this effect was prevented by the addition of CANA. CONCLUSIONS: Our study for the first time demonstrates that CANA exerts a protective effect on VC at least partially via suppressing the NLRP3 signalling pathway. Therefore, supplementation of CANA as well as inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome presents a potential therapy for VC.

Observation on the Effect of High-Quality Nursing Intervention plus Health Education in Chemotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Influence on the Physical and Mental Health of Patients.

Objective: The objective is to analyze the effect of high-quality nursing intervention combined with health education in the chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer and its impact on the physical and mental health of patients. Methods: The study included 136 patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated at our hospital from March 2020 to December 2021, who were divided into the observation group and the routine/control group by randomization, with 68 patients in each. All patients received the GP (gemcitabine + cisplatin) chemotherapy. The control group received routine nursing care, whereas the observation group received high-quality nursing care mixed with health education. The effect of nursing intervention, patient self-management, and the influence on the physical and mental health of the patients was compared between the two groups. Results: The total efficacy rate (89.71%) of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the routine group (57.35%) (P < 0.05). The self-management level of the patients in the observation group, indicated by the Exercise of Self-Care Agency (ESCA) score, was considerably higher than that of the regular group after nursing intervention. Similarly, the observation group's quality of life, which was evaluated in terms of physical function, role function, emotional function, cognitive function, social function, and overall health status, was much better than the routine group's. Furthermore, the SAS, SDS, and overall incidence of adverse events were lower in the observation group than in the regular group. (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The application of high-quality nursing intervention combined with health education in chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer has favorable clinical benefits, enhances patient compliance and self-management capacity, and exerts a positive influence on the patient's physical and mental health. Adverse reactions can provide a more trustworthy scientific basis for therapeutic therapy. The method should be widely used.

[Prenatal screening and diagnosis for a fetus with mosaic sex chromosome abnormality].

OBJECTIVE: To carry out prenatal screening and diagnosis for a woman with advanced maternal age. METHODS: Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) was carried out to determine the risk of fetal chromosome aneuploidy. Aminiocentesis was proceeded for fetal chromosomal karyotyping and copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq). The fetus was subjected to systematic ultrasound screening in the second trimester. RESULTS: NIPT has indicated there was a loss of fetal sex chromosome. Karotyping of the amniocyte showed a mosaic sex chromosome abnormality 45,X[53]/46,X,+mar[7]. The result of fetal DNA CNV-seq was seq[GRCh37]del(Yq11.1q12) chrY: g.13 104 553-28 819 361del, seq[GRCh37]del(Yp11.32p11.2) chrY: g.10 001-9 873 915del (mosaic ratio: 30%). Ultrasonography discovered that the fetus had renal dysplasia and male external genitalia. The karyotypes of the couple were both normal. CONCLUSION: Multiple genetic tests should be carried out for fetus with a high risk for chromosome aneuploidies signaled by NIPT. It is difficult to predict the post-natal phenotype for fetuses with mosaic sex chromosomal aneuploidies. The couple should be carefully counseled upon genetic counseling.

Rational fabrication of a new ionic imprinted carboxymethyl chitosan-based sponge for efficient selective adsorption of Gd(iii).

The selective recovery of Gd(iii) from wastewater is very meaningful for the prospective development of economics and the environment. To overcome disadvantages of poor adsorption capacity, low selectivity and complex preparation process in conventional adsorbents, herein a new ionic imprinted carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) sponge functionalized by hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (PEI) with a 3D network structure (PEI-CMC-IIS) was successfully prepared and applied in the selective adsorption of Gd(iii). The PEI-CMC-IIS is endowed with lots of amino groups due to the combination of biomass CMC with highly branched PEI, which is helpful for the adsorption of Gd(iii). The imprinting sites are located at the surface of channels in PEI-CMC-IIS, which can achieve the adsorption specificity to Gd(iii) and improve adsorption capacity. It is found that the maximum adsorption capacity of PEI-CMC-IIS is 38.64 mg g-1 at pH = 7. Meanwhile, the selectivity tests suggest that the PEI-CMC-IIS presents preferential adsorption for Gd(iii) with a distribution coefficient of 437.5 mL g-1. Furthermore, the PEI-CMC-IIS displays excellent reusing and regeneration ability. Our findings will bring about potential application in fabrication of other high-efficiency adsorbents for selective adsorption of Gd(iii).

The lag effect of 24-year tobacco consumption on lung cancer mortality in Henan Province, China, 1992 to 2016.

Tobacco exposure is the major risk factor for lung cancer. Previous studies have shown that there is a correlation between tobacco consumption and lung cancer mortality, but they do not show a specific trend. This study established the polynomial distributed lags (PDLs) model to explore the distributional lag effect between tobacco consumption and lung cancer mortality by using the lung cancer mortality rate of residents in Henan Province and the annual per capita tobacco consumption data from 1992 to 2016 and adopted dynamic simulation prediction method to predict lung cancer mortality for the next 20 years. We found that per capita tobacco consumption had a 10-year lag effect on lung cancer mortality. The harm of tobacco consumption did not show in the first 4 years, but after a lag of 4 years or more, the lung cancer mortality in men was higher than that in women, with a peak effect occurring 10 years later. The prediction showed that if per capita tobacco consumption was controlled, lung cancer mortality would show a steady decline trend after 10 years. These results suggested that tobacco consumption and lung cancer mortality were asynchronous, with a lag effect of tobacco use on the occurrence of lung cancer.

Dihydromyricetin ameliorates vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease by targeting AKT signaling.

Vascular calcification is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is characterized by transdifferentiation from contractile vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) into an osteogenic phenotype. However, no effective and therapeutic option to prevent vascular calcification is yet available. Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a bioactive flavonoid isolated from Ampelopsis grossedentata, has been found to inhibit VSMCs proliferation and the injury-induced neointimal formation. However, whether DMY has an effect on osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs and vascular calcification is still unclear. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effect of DMY on vascular calcification in CKD and the underlying mechanism. DMY treatment significantly attenuated calcium/phosphate-induced calcification of rat and human VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner, as shown by Alizarin Red S staining and calcium content assay, associated with down-regulation of osteogenic markers including type I collagen (COL I), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and osteocalcin (OCN). These results were further confirmed in aortic rings ex vivo. Moreover, DMY ameliorated vascular calcification in rats with CKD. Additionally, we found that AKT signaling was activated during vascular calcification, whereas significantly inhibited by DMY administration. DMY treatment significantly reversed AKT activator-induced vascular calcification. Furthermore, inhibition of AKT signaling efficiently attenuated calcification, which was similar to that after treatment with DMY alone, and DMY had a better inhibitory effect on calcification as compared with AKT inhibitor. The present study demonstrated that DMY has a potent inhibitory role in vascular calcification partially by inhibiting AKT activation, suggesting that DMY may act as a promising therapeutic candidate for patients suffering from vascular calcification.

Nkx2-3 induces autophagy inhibiting proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.

Vascular remodeling and restenosis are common complications after percutaneous coronary intervention. Excessive proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play important roles in intimal hyperplasia-induced vascular restenosis. NK2 Homeobox 3 (Nkx2-3), a critical member of Nkx family, is involved in tissue differentiation and organ development. However, the role of Nkx2-3 in VSMCs proliferation and migration remains unknown. In this study, we used carotid balloon injury model and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF)-treated VSMCs as in vivo and in vitro experimental models. EdU assay and CCK-8 assay were used to detect cell proliferation. Migration was measured by scratch test. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining were used to evaluate the intimal hyperplasia. The autophagy level was detected by fluorescent mRFP-GFP-LC3 in vitro and by transmission electron microscopy in vivo. It was shown that Nkx2-3 was upregulated both in balloon injured carotid arteries and PDGF-stimulated VSMCs. Adenovirus-mediated Nkx2-3 overexpression inhibited intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury, and suppressed VSMCs proliferation and migration induced by PDGF. Conversely, silencing of Nkx2-3 by small interfering RNA exaggerated proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Furthermore, we found that Nkx2-3 enhanced autophagy level, while the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA eliminated the inhibitory effect of Nkx2-3 on VSMCs proliferation and migration both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, Nkx2-3 promoted autophagy in VSMCs by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) signaling pathway. These results demonstrated for the first time that Nkx2-3 inhibited VSMCs proliferation and migration through AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy.

A non-linear dose-response relation of female body mass index and in vitro fertilization outcomes.

PURPOSE: Obesity, measured by body mass index (BMI), is implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes for women seeking in vitro fertilization (IVF) care. However, the shape of the dose-response relationship between BMI and IVF outcomes remains unclear. METHODS: We therefore conducted a dose-response meta-analysis using a random effects model to estimate summary relative risk (RR) for clinical pregnancy (CPR), live birth (LBR), and miscarriage risk (MR) after IVF. RESULTS: A total of 18 cohort-based studies involving 975,889 cycles were included. For each 5-unit increase in BMI, the summary RR was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.94-0.97) for CPR, 0.93 (95% CI: 0.92-0.95) for LBR, and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.05-1.12) for MR. There was evidence of a non-linear association between BMI and CPR (Pnon-linearity < 10-5) with CPR decreasing sharply among obese women (BMI > 30). Non-linear dose-response meta-analysis showed a relatively flat curve over a broad range of BMI from 16 to 30 for LBR (Pnon-linearity = 0.0009). In addition, we observed a J-shaped association between BMI and MR (Pnon-linearity = 0.006) with the lowest miscarriage risk observed with a BMI of 22-25. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, obesity contributed to increased risk of adverse IVF outcomes in a non-linear dose-response manner. More prospective trials in evaluating the effect of body weight control are necessary.

[Phenotypic and genetic analysis of a boy with 3p26.3-pter deletion and 7q31.33-qter duplication].

OBJECTIVE: To delineate the nature and origin of chromosomal copy number variants (CNVs) in a boy with mental retardation and multiple congenital malformation. METHODS: The karyotypes of the patient and his parents were analyzed with routine G-banded chromosomal analysis. Genome DNA was analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS). RESULTS: The patient was found to harbor a structural aberration involving chromosome 3p. The karyotype of his father was 46,XY,t(3;7)(p26;q31), while his mother was found to be normal. NGS analysis of the patient revealed a 2.16 Mb microdeletion at 3p26.3-pter and a duplication at 7q31.33-qter. CONCLUSION: The structural aberration of 3p carried by the patient has derived from his father whom carried a balanced translocation of t(3;7), and his karyotype was finally determined as 46,XY,der(3) t(3;7)(p26.3;q31.33)pat. The abnormal phenotype of the patient can probably be attributed to the presence of 3p26.3-pter microdeletion and 7q31.33-qter duplication.

Impact of instantaneous controlled pressure drop on microstructural modification of green tea and its infusion quality.

Instantaneous controlled pressure drop (DIC) was applied to obtain a suitable cell disruption extent as a technology in green tea processing. Microstructural observations showed that DIC increased cell disruption in an even manner as reflected from loosened palisade, distorted cells, widened space between cells, disrupted and rearranged cellular membrane in tea leaves. Color difference determination supported that DIC could facilitate the release and transport of cell contents. DIC sample showed a rise in redness, over 2.5 times greater than the control after spreading naturally for 24 h. Chemical determination revealed a better infusion behavior of tea polyphenols and amino acids in green tea manufactured by DIC method both at high and low temperature. The increase in tea polyphenols content in liquor for the first brew from twisted and needle tea was about 35% and that from flat tea was about 15% in DIC method over the traditional processing. These results suggest that DIC process can be applied in green tea processing for both a traditional product and a new kind of tea capable of making with cold water.

[Research on the association between per-capita tobacco consumption among the permanent residents and lung cancer mortality in Henan province].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship of per-capita tobacco consumption and lung cancer mortality in Henan province, and to provide evidence for policy development on tobacco control and reduction of lung cancer mortality. METHODS: Data regarding lung cancer mortality and per-capita tobacco consumption among household residents from 1992 to 2011, was collected from published almanacs in Henan and Henan Tumor Institutes. Trend Method was used to analyze the development of lung cancer in Henan province and the trend of per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household. 'Spearman rank correlation' was used to analyze the correlation between per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household from 1992 to 2001 and the lung cancer mortality rates from 2002 to 2011, with the lag time unite as 10 years in this study. Cure Estimation was used to fit the model regarding the relationship between per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household and lung cancer. RESULTS: Lung cancer mortality among those permanent residents in Henan province increased from 14.75/100 000 in 1992 to 27.00/100 000 in 2011, with an increase of 83.05%. Both the trend of per-capita tobacco consumption among the permanent residents and the lung cancer mortality were uprising, with the tobacco consumption showing a lag effect to the lung cancer mortality. Correlation coefficient between the per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household from 1992 to 2001 and the lung cancer mortality from 2002 to 2011 was rs = 0.770, P = 0.009 < 0.05, with statistically significant difference. Along with the uprising trend of lung cancer mortality, the per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household was also parallelly rising with the equation of relevance between per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household in Henna province and lung cancer as y = 2.60 x(0.46) (F = 576.483) and the R(2) was 0.667. CONCLUSION: Per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household in Henan province appeared a factor that influencing the lung cancer mortality and an association between the per-capita tobacco consumption of residents in the household and lung cancer was noticed. Tobacco consumption had a lag trend to the mortality of lung cancer.

Comparison of anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides, anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and anti-keratin antibodies and rheumatoid factor in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese patients.

AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic value of anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin antibodies (anti-MCV), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides antibodies (anti-CCP), anti-glucose-6-phosphate isomerase antibodies (anti-GPI) and anti-keratin antibodies (AKA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: The five auto-antibodies were detected in serum samples of 56 patients with RA, 21 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 11 with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), six with Sjögren's syndrome (SS), four with connective tissue disease (CTD) and 20 healthy controls. Anti-MCV, anti-CCP and anti-GPI were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), AKA was determined by indirect immunofluorescence and RF was determined by rate nephelometry. RESULTS: In RA, anti-MCV and anti-GPI had the highest sensitivity (78.6% and 75.0%, respectively), anti-CCP and AKA had the highest specificity (97.6%). Anti-GPI had the lowest specificity (64.3%), and AKA had the lowest sensitivity (48.2%). When two antibodies were detected together, the sensitivity of anti-MCV/anti-CCP/RF were highest (92.9%) with a lower specificity (73.8%). The combination of anti-MCV/anti-CCP had a slightly decreased sensitivity (89.3%) and the same specificity (73.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The combination RF/anti-MCV/anti-CCP or anti-MCV/anti-CCP are usefully serologic tests for the diagnosis of RA in Chinese patients.

Superparamagnetic high-surface-area Fe3O4 nanoparticles as adsorbents for arsenic removal.

Superparamagnetic ascorbic acid-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles with a high specific surface area were successfully synthesized via an environmentally friendly hydrothermal route in the absence of any templates. The as-synthesized ascorbic acid-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles have a diameter of less than 10 nm, thus leading to a high specific surface area of about 179 m(2)/g, which is even larger than those of well-defined mesoporous structures. The only used capped agent is ascorbic acid, which serves as a functionalized molecule to make sure the high dispersibility and stability of the ascorbic acid-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles in aqueous solution. The ascorbic acid-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and saturation magnetization approaches 40 emu g(-1). The ascorbic acid-coated Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were evaluated as an absorbent to remove heavy metal arsenic from wastewater. The adsorption data obeyed the Langmuir equation with a maximum adsorption capacity of 16.56 mg/g for arsenic (V), and 46.06 mg/g for arsenic (III).